Flipendo Spell:

The first spell you will learn involves a spiral, and the key to using the spell is to find switches with a spiral on it. You can hurt enemies such as Gnomes.

Alohomora Spell:

The second spell you will learn involves a keyhole shape, and will allow you to open locked doors that have a lock icon near the door.

Wingardium Leviosa Spell:

The switch for using this levatating spell is a W, the same formation in which you are to outline for training. The Charms Master and Professor Flitwick will teach you this spell.

Incendio Spell:

Professor Sprout will teach you this spell which can kill spiked enemies. This is a strong spell in the game.

Lumos Spell:

Professor Quirrell teaches you this spell which allows you to construct a bridge over an abyss. It is helpful for getting over large gaps.